Anemia, aplastic
Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious condition characterized by the failure of the bone marrow to produce an adequate number of blood cells. This condition can lead to a deficiency of all three blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a condition known as pancytopenia.
Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
The bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells through a process called hematopoiesis. In aplastic anemia, the bone marrow becomes hypocellular, meaning it contains fewer blood-forming cells. This can be due to damage to the hematopoietic stem cells or the bone marrow microenvironment. The exact mechanism can vary, but it often involves an autoimmune attack on the bone marrow.
Causes[edit | edit source]
Aplastic anemia can be either acquired or inherited.
Acquired Causes[edit | edit source]
- Idiopathic: In many cases, the cause of aplastic anemia is unknown. - Drugs and Chemicals: Certain medications, such as chloramphenicol and chemotherapy drugs, and exposure to toxic chemicals like benzene can lead to aplastic anemia. - Radiation: High doses of radiation can damage the bone marrow. - Viral Infections: Infections such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, and HIV have been associated with aplastic anemia.
Inherited Causes[edit | edit source]
- Fanconi anemia: A genetic disorder that affects the bone marrow. - Dyskeratosis congenita: A rare genetic condition that can lead to bone marrow failure.
Symptoms[edit | edit source]
The symptoms of aplastic anemia are related to the deficiency of blood cells: - Anemia: Fatigue, weakness, pallor, and shortness of breath due to low red blood cell count. - Leukopenia: Increased susceptibility to infections due to low white blood cell count. - Thrombocytopenia: Easy bruising, bleeding gums, and petechiae due to low platelet count.
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Diagnosis of aplastic anemia typically involves: - Complete Blood Count (CBC): To check for pancytopenia. - Bone Marrow Biopsy: To assess the cellularity of the bone marrow. - Additional Tests: To rule out other causes of pancytopenia and to identify potential underlying causes.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Treatment options for aplastic anemia depend on the severity of the condition and may include: - Immunosuppressive Therapy: Medications such as antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine to suppress the immune system. - Bone Marrow Transplantation: A potential cure, especially in younger patients with a suitable donor. - Supportive Care: Blood transfusions and antibiotics to manage symptoms and prevent infections.
Prognosis[edit | edit source]
The prognosis for aplastic anemia varies. With appropriate treatment, many patients can achieve remission. However, severe cases can be life-threatening without treatment.
Also see[edit | edit source]
- Bone marrow failure - Pancytopenia - Fanconi anemia - Hematopoiesis
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
