Angiokeratoma circumscriptum

Angiokeratoma circumscriptum is a rare dermatological condition characterized by the presence of warty skin lesions that are dark red to black in color. These lesions are typically found in isolated areas of the body and are made up of dilated blood vessels in the superficial dermis, covered by a hyperkeratotic epidermis. Angiokeratoma circumscriptum is one of the five types of angiokeratoma, a group of conditions that involve capillary malformations in the skin.

Etiology and Pathogenesis

The exact cause of angiokeratoma circumscriptum is not well understood. It is believed to be a congenital condition, meaning it is present at birth, although lesions may not become apparent until later in life. Some cases have been associated with underlying vascular or lymphatic malformations, suggesting a developmental anomaly in the blood vessels as a potential cause.

Clinical Features

Angiokeratoma circumscriptum typically presents as clustered, warty lesions that can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. These lesions are most commonly found on the lower extremities, particularly on the legs, but can also appear on the trunk, arms, or other areas of the body. The lesions are non-painful and do not cause any physical discomfort, but they may bleed if injured or scratched.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of angiokeratoma circumscriptum is primarily based on the clinical appearance of the lesions. Dermoscopy, a non-invasive skin examination technique, can help in visualizing the characteristic features of the lesions. In uncertain cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis by examining the tissue under a microscope.

Treatment

Treatment of angiokeratoma circumscriptum is not always necessary, especially if the lesions are asymptomatic. However, for cosmetic reasons or if bleeding occurs, several treatment options are available. These include laser therapy, which uses focused light to remove the lesions; cryotherapy, which involves freezing the lesions with liquid nitrogen; and electrocautery, which uses electricity to burn off the lesions. Surgical excision may also be considered for larger or more problematic lesions.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with angiokeratoma circumscriptum is generally good. While the condition is chronic and lesions may persist or recur, it is not life-threatening and does not typically affect overall health. Treatment can be effective in removing lesions and improving cosmetic appearance.

See Also

• Angiokeratoma
• Dermatology
• Vascular malformation
• Skin lesion