Anitschkow cell

Anitschkow cells are a type of cell found in the heart tissue, particularly noted for their presence in conditions associated with rheumatic fever. They are named after the Russian pathologist Nikolai Anitschkow, who first described them in the early 20th century. Anitschkow cells are characterized by their distinct morphological feature, the caterpillar-like nucleus, due to the chromatin condensing along the nuclear membrane in a manner that resembles a string of beads. This unique appearance makes them easily identifiable under a microscope. They are primarily associated with the formation of Aschoff bodies, which are nodules found in the hearts of individuals with rheumatic fever, a disease that can follow untreated Streptococcus pyogenes infection, such as pharyngitis.

Characteristics

Anitschkow cells are most commonly found within the myocardium, the muscular tissue of the heart. These cells are not a separate cell type but are rather modified macrophages or fibroblasts that have undergone changes in response to the inflammatory process associated with rheumatic fever. The hallmark of these cells, the serpentine or caterpillar nucleus, is due to the arrangement of the DNA and proteins within the cell nucleus.

Role in Disease

The presence of Anitschkow cells is a diagnostic marker for rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is a sequela of pharyngeal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes, leading to a widespread inflammatory response. It can affect the heart, joints, skin, and brain — a condition known as rheumatic heart disease. The formation of Aschoff bodies, which contain Anitschkow cells, is a critical diagnostic feature observed in the heart tissue of affected individuals.

Clinical Significance

Identifying Anitschkow cells in heart tissue can help in diagnosing rheumatic fever, especially in cases where the clinical presentation is ambiguous. Their detection, along with other diagnostic criteria, can guide the treatment and management of the disease, potentially preventing the progression to rheumatic heart disease, which can have serious long-term consequences, including heart valve damage.

Research and Developments

Research into Anitschkow cells and their role in rheumatic fever continues to provide insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and the body's response to infection. Understanding the mechanisms behind the formation of Anitschkow cells and Aschoff bodies may lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for rheumatic fever and its complications.