Anorectal malformation

Anorectal malformation is a congenital anomaly that affects the anorectum, the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract. This condition is characterized by the abnormal development of the anus and rectum, which can lead to a variety of complications, including fecal incontinence and constipation. Anorectal malformations are relatively rare, occurring in approximately 1 in 5,000 live births.

Etiology

The exact cause of anorectal malformations is unknown, but they are thought to occur during the fifth to seventh weeks of embryonic development. During this time, the hindgut separates into the urinary tract and the digestive tract, and the cloaca divides into the urethra and the rectum. Disruptions in these processes can lead to anorectal malformations.

Classification

Anorectal malformations are classified based on the level of the malformation and the presence of a fistula. The Wingspread classification system is commonly used, which divides anorectal malformations into high, intermediate, and low types.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of anorectal malformations is typically made shortly after birth, based on physical examination and imaging studies. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to visualize the malformation and any associated anomalies.

Treatment

Treatment of anorectal malformations typically involves surgery to correct the malformation and restore normal bowel function. The specific surgical approach depends on the type and severity of the malformation, but may include a colostomy, anoplasty, or pull-through procedure.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with anorectal malformations varies widely, depending on the severity of the malformation and the presence of associated anomalies. With appropriate treatment, many individuals can achieve normal bowel function and a good quality of life.

See also

• Congenital disorder
• Pediatric surgery
• Imperforate anus