Antimullerian hormone

Antimüllerian Hormone

Antimüllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS), is a glycoprotein hormone that plays a crucial role in the development of the reproductive system. It is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) family and is primarily produced by the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles in females and by the Sertoli cells of the testes in males.

Function

In males, AMH is responsible for the regression of the Müllerian ducts during embryonic development, which prevents the development of female reproductive structures such as the uterus and fallopian tubes. This process is essential for the normal differentiation of the male reproductive tract.

In females, AMH is produced by the ovarian follicles and serves as a marker of ovarian reserve. It is used clinically to assess a woman's remaining egg supply and is often measured in the context of fertility evaluations. AMH levels decline with age and are typically undetectable after menopause.

Clinical Significance

AMH levels are used in various clinical settings:

• Fertility Assessment: AMH is a reliable marker of ovarian reserve and is used to predict the response to ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).
• Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Elevated AMH levels are often observed in women with PCOS, reflecting the increased number of antral follicles.
• Assessment of Ovarian Function: AMH can be used to evaluate ovarian function in women undergoing chemotherapy or other treatments that may affect fertility.

Measurement

AMH is measured through a blood test. Unlike other markers of ovarian reserve, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), AMH levels do not fluctuate significantly during the menstrual cycle, making it a convenient and reliable marker.

Research and Future Directions

Research is ongoing to better understand the role of AMH in reproductive health and its potential applications in clinical practice. Studies are exploring its use in predicting the onset of menopause, its role in male fertility, and its potential as a therapeutic target in conditions such as PCOS and ovarian cancer.

Also see

• Müllerian duct
• Ovarian reserve
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• In vitro fertilization
• Reproductive endocrinology