Antiseptics

Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. They are distinct from antibiotics, which destroy bacteria within the body, and from disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects.

History

The use of antiseptics dates back to ancient civilizations. The ancient Egyptians used wine and vinegar for their antiseptic properties. The modern development of antiseptics began in the 19th century with the work of Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister. Semmelweis discovered the importance of handwashing in preventing the spread of disease, while Lister pioneered the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a surgical antiseptic.

Types of Antiseptics

Antiseptics can be classified into several categories based on their chemical structure and mechanism of action:

• Alcohols: Ethanol and isopropanol are commonly used alcohol-based antiseptics. They are effective against a wide range of microorganisms but are not effective against bacterial spores.
• Chlorhexidine: This is a bisbiguanide antiseptic that is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is commonly used in mouthwashes and for skin disinfection.
• Iodine Compounds: Povidone-iodine is a widely used iodine-based antiseptic. It is effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
• Hydrogen Peroxide: This is an oxidizing agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It is commonly used for wound cleaning.
• Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: These are cationic surfactants that are effective against bacteria and fungi. Benzalkonium chloride is a common example.

Mechanism of Action

Antiseptics work by disrupting the cell walls of microorganisms, denaturing proteins, and interfering with metabolic processes. The specific mechanism of action depends on the type of antiseptic used.

Applications

Antiseptics are used in various medical and healthcare settings, including:

• Surgical Procedures: Antiseptics are used to prepare the skin of patients and the hands of surgeons before surgery.
• Wound Care: They are applied to cuts, abrasions, and other wounds to prevent infection.
• Hand Hygiene: Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are widely used to reduce the spread of infectious diseases.
• Mouthwashes: Antiseptic mouthwashes are used to reduce oral bacteria and prevent gingivitis and other oral infections.

Safety and Side Effects

While antiseptics are generally safe when used as directed, they can cause side effects such as skin irritation, allergic reactions, and, in rare cases, systemic toxicity. It is important to follow the instructions for use and consult a healthcare professional if any adverse reactions occur.

See Also

• Disinfectant
• Sterilization (microbiology)
• Infection control
• Hand sanitizer
• Joseph Lister
• Ignaz Semmelweis