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Argent refers to the element silver, represented by the symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum) on the periodic table. Silver is a chemical element with the atomic number 47. It is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most of the silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

Silver has been used for thousands of years for ornaments and utensils, for trade, and as the basis for many monetary systems. Its value as a precious metal was long considered second only to gold. The metal is used in jewelry, tableware, photography, currency, and numerous industrial applications. Silver's antimicrobial properties have made it useful in medicine and biocides, enhancing its value beyond mere ornamentation.

Properties and Chemistry

Silver is a very ductile and malleable metal, slightly harder than gold. Its unique physical properties include a brilliant white metallic luster that can take a high degree of polish. Silver is also notable for its high melting point, which is 961.8 degrees Celsius. Chemically, it is not very reactive—it does not react with oxygen at normal temperatures, thus does not easily form a silver oxide. However, it does react with sulfur compounds, which is why silver items often tarnish on exposure to air or water containing sulfur compounds.

Occurrence and Extraction

Silver is more abundant than gold but is still relatively rare. It is commonly extracted from ore by a combination of crushing, grinding, and chemical leaching or smelting. The process chosen depends on the ore and the economics of the extraction. The majority of silver production comes as a byproduct from the mining of other metals, such as copper, gold, lead, and zinc.

Uses

1. 1. 1. Monetary and Investment###

Historically, silver has been used extensively as coinage and in investment. Many countries have issued silver coins, which have been used as legal tender, and silver bars and bullion are popular among investors.

1. 1. 1. Industrial Applications###

In the industrial sector, silver's exceptional electrical conductivity makes it a valuable component in the manufacture of conductors, switches, and fuses. It is also used in batteries, solar panels, and in various chemical reactions as a catalyst.

1. 1. 1. Jewelry and Silverware###

Silver's appeal as a precious metal has made it popular in jewelry and silverware. Its ability to resist corrosion and its high luster make it an ideal material for decorative items.

1. 1. 1. Photography###

Although the use of silver in photography has declined with the advent of digital technology, it was once an essential component of photographic film and paper.

1. 1. 1. Medicinal Uses###

Silver has antimicrobial properties, making it useful in medicine. It is used in dressings to prevent infection of wounds, in coatings for medical devices, and in various other applications where its antimicrobial properties can be beneficial.

Environmental Impact

Silver mining and refining processes can have a significant environmental impact, including the production of toxic byproducts like lead and arsenic. Efforts are ongoing to reduce the environmental footprint of silver extraction and processing.

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