Biodynamic agriculture

Biodynamic agriculture is a form of alternative agriculture very similar to organic farming, but it includes various esoteric concepts drawn from the ideas of Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925).

History

Biodynamic agriculture was first developed in the early 1920s based on Steiner's spiritual philosophy, Anthroposophy. Steiner was a philosopher, social reformer, architect, and esotericist. His work has been influential in education, medicine, and agriculture.

Principles and Practices

Biodynamic farming includes organic agricultural methods, but also incorporates astrological influences, special plant, animal and mineral preparations, and unique methods of composting. The aim is to enhance the life of the soil, the health of plants and animals, and the farm as a whole.

Preparations

Biodynamic preparations, made from manure, herbs, mineral substances, and animal sheaths, are used in the field and in compost piles to stimulate specific processes within the farm system. These preparations are numbered 500 through 508.

Composting

Composting is a key practice in biodynamic agriculture, with a specific emphasis on the use of the biodynamic preparations and careful attention to the composting process.

Crop Rotation

Crop rotation and cover cropping are used to maintain soil health and fertility, and to control pests and diseases.

Criticism and Research

Biodynamic agriculture has been criticized for its spiritual, mystical and pseudoscientific aspects. Research on biodynamic farming practices has yielded mixed results, with some studies showing positive effects on soil quality and crop yield, and others showing no significant differences compared to conventional or organic farming.

See Also

• Organic farming
• Sustainable agriculture
• Permaculture
• Agroecology