Blackhead

Blackhead

Blackheads are a common form of acne that appear as small, dark spots on the skin. They are a type of comedo, which is a clogged hair follicle (pore) in the skin. Blackheads are considered a mild form of acne and are most commonly found on the face, but they can also appear on the back, chest, neck, arms, and shoulders.

Pathophysiology

Blackheads form when a clog or plug develops in the opening of hair follicles in your skin. Each follicle contains one hair and a sebaceous gland that produces oil, called sebum, which helps keep your skin soft. Dead skin cells and oils collect in the opening to the skin follicle, producing a bump called a comedo. If the skin over the bump stays closed, the bump is called a whitehead. When the skin over the bump opens, exposure to the air causes it to look black, and a blackhead forms.

Causes

Several factors can contribute to the development of blackheads, including:

• Excessive oil production by the sebaceous glands.
• Accumulation of the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria on the skin.
• Hormonal changes, such as those related to puberty, menstruation, or the use of birth control pills, which can increase oil production.
• Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, lithium, or androgens.
• Diet, particularly foods that increase blood sugar levels, such as carbohydrates.

Diagnosis

Blackheads are diagnosed by their appearance. A dermatologist can usually diagnose blackheads by examining the skin. No specific tests are needed.

Treatment

Treatment for blackheads can include:

• Over-the-counter treatments: These often contain ingredients such as salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and alpha hydroxy acids, which help to remove dead skin cells and reduce oil production.
• Prescription medications: Topical or oral retinoids, antibiotics, or other medications may be prescribed by a dermatologist.
• Manual removal: Dermatologists or trained skin care professionals can use a special tool to remove blackheads.
• Chemical peels and microdermabrasion: These procedures can help to remove the top layer of skin and reduce blackheads.

Prevention

To prevent blackheads, consider the following tips:

• Wash your face regularly with a gentle cleanser.
• Avoid heavy or greasy cosmetics and skin products.
• Use non-comedogenic products that do not clog pores.
• Exfoliate regularly to remove dead skin cells.
• Avoid picking or squeezing blackheads, as this can cause irritation and scarring.

See Also

• Acne vulgaris
• Whitehead
• Sebaceous gland

References

• American Academy of Dermatology. "Blackheads: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment." Retrieved from [1]
• Mayo Clinic. "Acne: Diagnosis and Treatment." Retrieved from [2]