Acne

Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It often causes pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and sometimes cysts or nodules. Acne typically appears on the face, forehead, chest, upper back, and shoulders. It is most common among teenagers, though it affects people of all ages.

Symptoms

The primary symptoms of acne include:

• Pimples (pustules)
• Blackheads (open comedones)
• Whiteheads (closed comedones)
• Cysts and nodules
• Oily skin
• Possible scarring

Causes

Acne is caused by a combination of factors:

• Hormonal changes: Increased androgens during puberty can cause the sebaceous glands to enlarge and produce more sebum.
• Genetics: A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
• Bacteria: The bacterium Cutibacterium acnes can contribute to inflammation and infection in clogged pores.
• Excess oil production: Overproduction of oil by the sebaceous glands can clog hair follicles.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing acne:

• Adolescence: Hormonal changes during puberty are a significant trigger.
• Family history: Genetics play a role in the likelihood of developing acne.
• Hormonal changes: Such as those related to menstruation, pregnancy, and birth control.

Diagnosis

Acne is typically diagnosed based on the appearance of the skin. A dermatologist may examine the skin to determine the type and severity of acne.

Differential Diagnosis

Conditions that may resemble acne include:

• Folliculitis
• Rosacea
• Keratosis pilaris

Prevention

Preventive measures for acne include:

• Proper skin care: Regular cleansing to remove excess oil and dead skin cells.
• Avoiding triggers: Identifying and avoiding factors that can worsen acne, such as certain foods or stress.

Treatment

Treatment options for acne vary depending on the severity and may include:

• Topical treatments: Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and retinoids.
• Oral medications: Including antibiotics, hormonal treatments, and isotretinoin.
• Laser therapy: To reduce bacteria and inflammation.
• Chemical peels: To remove dead skin cells and unclog pores.

Medications

Common medications used to treat acne include:

• Benzoyl peroxide
• Salicylic acid
• Retinoids
• Antibiotics
• Hormonal treatments

Complications

Potential complications of acne include:

• Scarring
• Anxiety
• Depression

See also

• Dermatology
• Skin care
• Hormonal acne
• Cystic acne