Oral contraceptives

Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills, are a type of hormonal contraception used to prevent pregnancy. They are one of the most popular methods of birth control worldwide.

History

The development of oral contraceptives began in the 1950s with the work of Gregory Pincus, a biologist who was able to synthesize a hormone that could prevent ovulation. The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved by the FDA in 1960.

Types

There are two main types of oral contraceptives: combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and progestin-only pills (POPs). COCs contain both estrogen and progestin, while POPs contain only progestin.

Combined Oral Contraceptives

COCs are the most commonly used type of oral contraceptive. They work by preventing ovulation and thickening the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg.

Progestin-Only Pills

POPs are used by women who cannot take estrogen for health reasons. They work primarily by thickening the cervical mucus and thinning the lining of the uterus.

Effectiveness

When used correctly, oral contraceptives are over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. However, their effectiveness can be reduced by factors such as missing pills, vomiting or diarrhea, or taking certain medications.

Side Effects

Common side effects of oral contraceptives include nausea, breast tenderness, and changes in menstrual bleeding. More serious side effects, such as blood clots, are rare but can be life-threatening.

Controversies

Oral contraceptives have been the subject of numerous controversies, including debates over their safety, their impact on women's health, and their role in society.

See Also

• Contraception
• Hormonal contraception
• Emergency contraception

• Birth control
• Contraception
• Dictionary of birth control
• Reproductive health

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