Oral contraceptives

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Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills, are a type of hormonal contraception used to prevent pregnancy. They are one of the most popular methods of birth control worldwide.

History[edit | edit source]

The development of oral contraceptives began in the 1950s with the work of Gregory Pincus, a biologist who was able to synthesize a hormone that could prevent ovulation. The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved by the FDA in 1960.

Types[edit | edit source]

There are two main types of oral contraceptives: combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and progestin-only pills (POPs). COCs contain both estrogen and progestin, while POPs contain only progestin.

Combined Oral Contraceptives[edit | edit source]

COCs are the most commonly used type of oral contraceptive. They work by preventing ovulation and thickening the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg.

Progestin-Only Pills[edit | edit source]

POPs are used by women who cannot take estrogen for health reasons. They work primarily by thickening the cervical mucus and thinning the lining of the uterus.

Effectiveness[edit | edit source]

When used correctly, oral contraceptives are over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. However, their effectiveness can be reduced by factors such as missing pills, vomiting or diarrhea, or taking certain medications.

Side Effects[edit | edit source]

Common side effects of oral contraceptives include nausea, breast tenderness, and changes in menstrual bleeding. More serious side effects, such as blood clots, are rare but can be life-threatening.

Controversies[edit | edit source]

Oral contraceptives have been the subject of numerous controversies, including debates over their safety, their impact on women's health, and their role in society.

See Also[edit | edit source]

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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD