Thrombocytopenic purpura

A condition characterized by low platelet count and purpura

Thrombocytopenic purpura is a medical condition characterized by a low platelet count, which leads to the development of purpura, or purple-colored spots on the skin. This condition can be classified into different types based on its underlying causes and clinical presentation.

Pathophysiology

Purpura on the skin

Thrombocytopenic purpura occurs when there is a significant reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. Platelets are essential for normal blood clotting, and their deficiency can lead to excessive bleeding and the appearance of purpura. The condition can be caused by decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, or sequestration of platelets in the spleen.

Types

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own platelets. It can be acute or chronic and is more common in children and young adults.

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare but serious condition characterized by the formation of small blood clots throughout the body, leading to a low platelet count. It is often associated with a deficiency of the enzyme ADAMTS13, which is responsible for breaking down von Willebrand factor.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with thrombocytopenic purpura typically present with purpura, petechiae, and mucosal bleeding. In severe cases, there may be internal bleeding, which can be life-threatening. The severity of symptoms often correlates with the degree of thrombocytopenia.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of thrombocytopenic purpura is based on clinical evaluation, complete blood count, and additional tests to determine the underlying cause. Bone marrow examination may be necessary in certain cases to assess platelet production.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition. In cases of immune thrombocytopenic purpura, corticosteroids and immunoglobulins are commonly used. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura often requires plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy.

Prognosis

The prognosis of thrombocytopenic purpura varies depending on the type and response to treatment. While many patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura achieve remission, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura can be life-threatening without prompt treatment.

Related pages

• Platelet
• Autoimmune disease
• Blood clotting
• Purpura