Oral candidiasis

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Oral candidiasis
Oral candidiasis on the tongue
Synonyms	Oral thrush, oral moniliasis, candidal stomatitis
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	White patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, gums, or tonsils; redness or soreness; difficulty swallowing; cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth
Complications	Esophagitis, systemic infection
Onset	Sudden
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Candida albicans
Risks	Immunosuppression, antibiotic use, diabetes, dentures, dry mouth, smoking
Diagnosis	Clinical examination, microscopy, culture
Differential diagnosis	Leukoplakia, lichen planus, geographic tongue
Prevention	Good oral hygiene, controlling risk factors
Treatment	Antifungal medication such as nystatin, clotrimazole, fluconazole
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Oral thrush Aphthae Candida albicans

Angular cheilitis

Glossitis

Oral candidiasis, also known as oral thrush or oropharyngeal candidiasis, is a fungal infection that develops in the mucosal lining of the mouth due to an overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans. This common condition affects individuals of all ages but is particularly prevalent in those with weakened immune systems, infants, and the elderly.

Causes and Risk Factors

Oral candidiasis is typically caused by an imbalance in the normal oral microbiota that leads to an overgrowth of Candida albicans. This imbalance can result from various factors including:

• Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
• Immunosuppressive therapy or underlying immunodeficiency
• Poor oral hygiene
• Use of corticosteroid inhalers
• Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
• HIV/AIDS
• Wearing dentures

Symptoms and Clinical Presentation

Oral candidiasis presents with a variety of symptoms that may include:

• White or yellowish raised spots on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or tonsils
• Redness or soreness in the mouth and throat
• Burning sensation in the mouth
• Difficulty swallowing
• Cracked skin at the corners of the mouth

Diagnosis

Oral candidiasis is usually diagnosed through a clinical examination of the mouth. In some cases, a sample of the oral lesions may be scraped off and sent to a laboratory for microscopic examination or fungal culture. Further tests may be needed if recurrent episodes of oral candidiasis occur to determine any underlying health conditions.

Treatment and Management

The treatment of oral candidiasis often involves topical antifungal medications such as nystatin or clotrimazole. For severe infections or those in individuals with weakened immune systems, systemic antifungal drugs like fluconazole may be prescribed. Along with medication, good oral hygiene and the management of any underlying health conditions are essential in preventing recurrences.