Difficulty swallowing

Difficulty swallowing, medically known as dysphagia, is a condition characterized by the sensation of difficulty or discomfort in swallowing. This can range from a mild difficulty to a complete inability to swallow. Dysphagia can affect individuals of all ages, but it is more prevalent among the elderly and those with certain medical conditions.

Causes

Dysphagia can be caused by a variety of factors, which are generally classified into two main categories: Esophageal dysphagia and Oropharyngeal dysphagia.

• Esophageal dysphagia refers to the sensation that food is stuck in the base of your throat or in your chest after you have started to swallow. Causes of esophageal dysphagia include:
  • Esophageal cancer
  • Esophageal stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus.
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • Achalasia: A condition where the lower esophageal muscle doesn't relax properly.

• Oropharyngeal dysphagia involves difficulty initiating a swallow. Causes include:
  • Neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, or a stroke.
  • Muscular dystrophy and other muscular diseases.
  • Cancer affecting the throat or mouth.

Symptoms

Symptoms of dysphagia may include:

• Difficulty swallowing
• Pain while swallowing (odynophagia)
• Being unable to swallow
• Sensation of food getting stuck in the throat or chest
• Coughing or gagging when swallowing
• Frequent heartburn
• Drooling
• Hoarseness
• Regurgitation of food

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of dysphagia involves a thorough medical history and physical examination, followed by diagnostic tests which may include:

• Barium swallow: A series of X-rays taken after drinking a barium solution.
• Endoscopy: Use of a flexible tube with a light and camera to examine the throat.
• Manometry: Measurement of the muscle contractions in the esophagus.
• pH monitoring: Testing for acid in the esophagus.

Treatment

Treatment for dysphagia depends on the underlying cause, severity, and type of the swallowing disorder. It may include:

• Dietary changes, such as altering food texture.
• Swallowing therapy with a speech and language therapist.
• Medication for underlying conditions like GERD.
• Surgical interventions for structural problems or blockages.

Prevention

Preventive measures for dysphagia largely depend on the underlying cause. However, maintaining good eating habits and seeking timely treatment for throat and esophageal disorders can help reduce the risk.

See also

• Esophageal motility study
• Nutritional support

External links

• Mayo Clinic: Dysphagia