Hyperpigmentation

Overview of hyperpigmentation in human skin

Hyperpigmentation is a common condition in which patches of skin become darker in color than the normal surrounding skin. This darkening occurs when an excess of melanin, the brown pigment that produces normal skin color, forms deposits in the skin. Hyperpigmentation can affect the skin color of people of any race.

Causes

Hyperpigmentation can be caused by:

• Sun exposure: Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun can increase melanin production, leading to sun spots or age spots.
• Inflammation: Skin injuries such as cuts, burns, or acne can lead to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
• Hormonal changes: Conditions such as melasma are often triggered by hormonal changes, especially during pregnancy.
• Medications: Certain drugs, including some chemotherapy medications, can cause hyperpigmentation as a side effect.
• Medical conditions: Diseases such as Addison's disease and hemochromatosis can cause hyperpigmentation.

Types

• Melasma: Often referred to as "the mask of pregnancy," melasma is characterized by brown or gray-brown patches, usually on the face.
• Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH): This occurs after an injury or inflammation of the skin.
• Sun spots: Also known as solar lentigines, these are caused by sun exposure and appear as small, darkened patches on the skin.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hyperpigmentation is typically made through a physical examination by a dermatologist. In some cases, a skin biopsy may be performed to rule out other conditions.

Treatment

Treatment options for hyperpigmentation include:

• Topical treatments: Creams containing ingredients like hydroquinone, retinoids, or vitamin C can help lighten hyperpigmented areas.
• Chemical peels: These involve applying a chemical solution to the skin to remove the top layers, promoting new skin growth.
• Laser therapy: Lasers can target and break down melanin deposits in the skin.
• Microdermabrasion: This is a procedure that exfoliates the skin to remove dead skin cells and promote new skin growth.

Prevention

Preventing hyperpigmentation involves:

• Sun protection: Using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher can help prevent sun-induced hyperpigmentation.
• Avoiding skin trauma: Minimizing skin injuries and inflammation can reduce the risk of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
• Managing underlying conditions: Proper management of medical conditions that can cause hyperpigmentation is essential.

Related pages

• Melanin
• Melasma
• Addison's disease
• Skin care

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  Hyperpigmentation

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  Hyperpigmentation