Blood substitutes

Blood substitutes are substances used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood. They aim to provide an alternative to blood transfusion, which is transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into another. Thus, blood substitutes could potentially save lives in circumstances where a blood transfusion is not possible or not safe.

Types of Blood Substitutes[edit | edit source]

There are two main types of blood substitutes: perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based blood substitutes and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs).

Perfluorocarbon-based Blood Substitutes[edit | edit source]

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are synthetic molecules that can carry and release oxygen, similar to hemoglobin in red blood cells. PFCs are chemically and biologically inert, making them safe for use in the human body. They can carry more oxygen than blood and can even operate in areas where blood cannot reach.

Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carriers[edit | edit source]

Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are made from either human or bovine hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the molecule in red blood cells that transports oxygen. In HBOCs, the hemoglobin is modified to prevent it from breaking down and to improve its ability to carry oxygen.

Applications[edit | edit source]

Blood substitutes have potential applications in medicine and emergency care, especially in situations where blood transfusions are not possible or safe. For example, they could be used in remote locations, on the battlefield, or in patients who cannot receive blood transfusions due to religious beliefs or medical conditions.

Challenges and Controversies[edit | edit source]

Despite their potential, blood substitutes have been controversial due to safety concerns. Some studies have suggested that they may increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. As a result, many blood substitutes have not been approved for use in humans, and those that have been approved are subject to strict regulations.