Bone Morphogenetic Protein

Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) is a group of growth factors known as cytokines and morphogens. They are involved in a wide range of cellular functions including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, which is a large group of proteins responsible for the regulation of embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis.

History

The term "Bone Morphogenetic Protein" was coined by Marshall Urist in 1965 after he discovered that demineralized, lyophilized segments of bone induced new bone formation when implanted in muscle pouches in rabbits. This discovery led to extensive research into the proteins responsible for this phenomenon, eventually leading to the identification of the BMP family of proteins.

Function

BMPs interact with specific receptors on the cell surface, leading to a cascade of reactions that result in the activation of gene expression changes in the cell. They are vital for the formation and differentiation of bone and cartilage, and also play crucial roles in embryogenesis and organogenesis.

Clinical significance

BMPs have been used clinically to promote bone healing and regeneration in cases of fractures, non-unions, and spinal fusion. However, their use has been associated with certain adverse effects, including ectopic bone formation, swelling, and increased cancer risk. Therefore, their use in clinical practice requires careful consideration.

See also

• Growth factor
• Cytokine
• Morphogen
• Transforming growth factor beta
• Cell proliferation
• Cell differentiation
• Apoptosis
• Receptor (biochemistry)
• Gene expression
• Bone
• Cartilage
• Embryogenesis
• Organogenesis