Transforming growth factor beta

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a protein that controls proliferation, cellular differentiation, and other functions in most cells. It is a type of cytokine which plays a crucial role in cell signaling and is involved in a variety of physiological processes.

Overview

TGF-β is secreted by many cell types, including immune cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. It acts as an autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule, meaning it can signal to the cell that produced it or to nearby cells. TGF-β is involved in processes such as immune regulation, wound healing, and tissue regeneration.

Structure

TGF-β is a dimeric protein composed of two identical polypeptide chains. Each chain is composed of approximately 112 amino acids. The two chains are linked by a single disulfide bond, which is essential for the protein's biological activity.

Function

TGF-β has many functions in the body. It is involved in cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis, immune response, and extracellular matrix production. It also plays a role in the development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.

Clinical significance

Abnormalities in TGF-β signaling are associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, and autoimmune diseases. In cancer, TGF-β can act as a tumor suppressor in early stages of the disease, but can promote tumor progression and metastasis in later stages.

See also

• Cytokine
• Cell signaling
• Protein dimer
• Tumor suppressor