Bone morphogenetic proteins

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metamorphogens. Originally discovered by their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body.

History

The protein was originally discovered in a series of experiments by Marshall Urist in 1965 showing that demineralized, lyophilized segments of bone induced new bone formation when implanted in muscle pouches in rabbits. The protein is now referred to as bone morphogenetic protein 2, while the name BMP1 has been given to a protein that is not part of the BMP pathway.

Function

BMPs interact with specific receptors on the cell surface, referred to as BMP receptors. They are involved in a host of cellular functions including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In terms of tissue, BMPs have been shown to play crucial roles in the heart, nervous system, and cartilage development.

Clinical significance

BMPs are clinically used in the treatment of bone and cartilage injuries. More than 20 different types of BMPs have been identified and cloned. The different types have varying roles in cellular differentiation, including, but not limited to, the induction of cartilage, bone, and kidney tissue.

See also

• Growth factor
• Cytokine
• Metamorphogen
• Marshall Urist
• BMP receptors