Broncho-pneumonia

Broncho-pneumonia

Broncho-pneumonia, also known as lobular pneumonia, is a type of pneumonia characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and surrounding lung parenchyma. It is a common respiratory condition that affects individuals of all ages but is particularly prevalent in children and the elderly.

Pathophysiology

Broncho-pneumonia is typically caused by a bacterial infection, with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus being the most common pathogens. The infection begins in the bronchi and spreads to the alveoli, leading to patchy areas of consolidation in the lungs. This pattern distinguishes broncho-pneumonia from lobar pneumonia, where an entire lobe of the lung is affected.

The inflammatory response in broncho-pneumonia involves the accumulation of neutrophils, fibrin, and fluid in the alveolar spaces, resulting in impaired gas exchange. The condition can lead to complications such as pleural effusion, lung abscess, and respiratory failure if not treated promptly.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with broncho-pneumonia typically present with symptoms such as:

• Cough with sputum production
• Fever and chills
• Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
• Chest pain
• Fatigue

On physical examination, findings may include:

• Tachypnea
• Crackles or rales on auscultation
• Dullness to percussion over affected areas

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of broncho-pneumonia is based on clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. A chest X-ray typically shows patchy infiltrates, often in multiple lobes of the lungs. Blood cultures and sputum cultures may be performed to identify the causative organism.

Treatment

The treatment of broncho-pneumonia involves:

• Antibiotic therapy: Empirical antibiotics are started based on the most likely pathogens and adjusted according to culture results.
• Supportive care: This includes oxygen therapy, hydration, and antipyretics for fever.
• Monitoring and management of complications.

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, the prognosis for broncho-pneumonia is generally good. However, the condition can be severe in very young, elderly, or immunocompromised patients, and may require hospitalization.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Vaccination against common pathogens such as pneumococcal vaccine and influenza vaccine.
• Good hygiene practices to reduce the spread of infections.

Also see

• Pneumonia
• Lobar pneumonia
• Atypical pneumonia
• Respiratory system