CD160

CD160

CD160 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein that is primarily expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and a subset of T cells. It plays a significant role in the regulation of immune responses, particularly in the context of cytotoxic activity and immune surveillance.

Structure

CD160 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is characterized by a single immunoglobulin-like domain. It is anchored to the cell membrane via a GPI linkage, which allows for lateral mobility within the lipid bilayer. The protein is approximately 27 kDa in size and is encoded by the CD160 gene located on chromosome 1.

Expression

CD160 is predominantly expressed on NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and a subset of CD4+ T cells. It is also found on certain endothelial cells and can be upregulated in response to various stimuli, including cytokines and cellular stress. The expression of CD160 is associated with the activation and cytotoxic potential of these immune cells.

Function

The primary function of CD160 is to modulate immune responses. It acts as an activating receptor on NK cells, enhancing their cytotoxic activity against target cells, such as virus-infected or tumor cells. CD160 can bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, as well as to herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.

In T cells, CD160 engagement can lead to either activation or inhibition, depending on the context and the presence of other co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. This dual role is crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity.

Clinical Significance

CD160 has been implicated in various clinical conditions, including cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders. Its expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has been associated with the immune evasion mechanisms of certain cancers. Therapeutic strategies targeting CD160 are being explored to enhance anti-tumor immunity and improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.

In infectious diseases, CD160 expression can influence the outcome of viral infections by modulating the activity of NK and T cells. Additionally, alterations in CD160 expression or function have been observed in autoimmune diseases, suggesting a potential role in their pathogenesis.

Also see

• Natural killer cell
• T cell
• Immunoglobulin superfamily
• Major histocompatibility complex
• Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily