Calanque

Carte calanques marseille

Panorama-Calanque de Sugiton

Calanque d'En Vau - 2013-01-10

Vue on Marseille and Cassis Calanques

A calanque cliff with spare vegetation

Calanque refers to a steep-walled inlet, cove, or bay that is developed in limestone, dolomite, or other carbonate strata and found along the Mediterranean coast. The most notable examples of calanques are located in the Marseille area of France, forming the Calanques National Park, which stretches between Marseille and Cassis. These geological formations are created through the process of erosion, where sea water carves out deep valleys which were later partially submerged by a rise in sea level.

Formation

Calanques are primarily formed by the process of karstification, where acidic water dissolves the carbonate rock, leading to the creation of caves and other karst features. Over time, these caves can collapse, forming steep valleys or inlets. The process is significantly influenced by the presence of faults, fractures, and other geological structures that increase rock permeability and direct the flow of water. Additionally, the action of the sea against these formations contributes to their erosion and the deepening of the valleys, which, when partially submerged, form the calanques.

Ecology

The ecology of the calanques is diverse and includes a range of Mediterranean habitats. The terrestrial areas are characterized by garrigue and maquis shrublands, with a variety of plant species adapted to the dry, hot summer conditions. The marine areas within and around the calanques are equally rich in biodiversity, hosting various species of fish, coral, and other marine life. The unique ecological conditions have led to the designation of some areas as protected zones, including the establishment of the Calanques National Park.

Calanques National Park

Calanques National Park is a protected area that encompasses many of the calanques between Marseille and Cassis. Established in 2012, it is one of France's national parks and covers both land and marine areas. The park is a popular destination for outdoor activities such as hiking, climbing, and swimming, while also being a critical area for conservation efforts aimed at preserving its unique natural and cultural heritage.

Tourism and Conservation

The calanques attract numerous visitors each year, drawn by their natural beauty and the opportunity for outdoor activities. However, the popularity of these areas also poses challenges for conservation efforts. Issues such as littering, erosion from foot traffic, and the risk of wildfires in the dry summer months are concerns for park management. Regulations and conservation measures are in place to mitigate these impacts, including restricted access during periods of high fire risk and efforts to educate the public about the importance of preserving these natural environments.

See Also

• Mediterranean Sea
• Karst Topography
• National Parks of France