Campylobacter upsaliensis

Campylobacter upsaliensis is a species of bacteria that belongs to the genus Campylobacter, which is part of the family Campylobacteraceae. It is a microaerophilic organism, meaning it requires low levels of oxygen to survive, and is spiral-shaped, which is a characteristic feature of the Campylobacter genus. This bacterium is recognized as an emerging pathogen that can cause gastrointestinal infections in humans and animals.

Characteristics

Campylobacter upsaliensis is a Gram-negative bacterium that is motile due to the presence of flagella. It is capable of growing at 37°C, which is the body temperature of humans, making it a potential pathogen. Unlike some other members of the Campylobacter genus, such as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, C. upsaliensis is more sensitive to environmental stresses and has specific growth requirements, including the need for a microaerobic atmosphere.

Pathogenicity

C. upsaliensis is associated with gastroenteritis in humans, presenting symptoms similar to those caused by other Campylobacter species, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and sometimes nausea and vomiting. The infection is usually self-limiting, but can be more severe in immunocompromised individuals, potentially leading to bacteremia.

The transmission of C. upsaliensis is primarily through the fecal-oral route, with domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, serving as reservoirs for the bacterium. Consumption of contaminated food or water and direct contact with infected animals are common modes of transmission.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of C. upsaliensis infection is typically based on the isolation of the bacterium from stool samples, followed by biochemical tests or molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the species. Treatment generally involves supportive care, including rehydration and electrolyte balance restoration. In more severe cases, or for infections in immunocompromised patients, antibiotics such as erythromycin or azithromycin may be prescribed.

Prevention

Preventive measures against C. upsaliensis infection include practicing good hygiene, such as thorough handwashing with soap and water after handling pets or coming into contact with animal feces. Safe food handling practices and proper cooking of food can also reduce the risk of infection.

Research and Public Health

Research on Campylobacter upsaliensis is ongoing, with studies focusing on its pathogenic mechanisms, antibiotic resistance patterns, and potential vaccine development. Public health efforts aim to raise awareness about the risks associated with C. upsaliensis and to promote practices that can minimize the transmission of this and other Campylobacter species.