Carboxyatractyloside

Carboxyatractyloside (also known as CAT or CATR) is a toxic natural product that is found in several plant species, most notably in the plant Atractylis gummifera. It is a potent inhibitor of the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), a protein that is essential for the normal functioning of mitochondria.

Structure and Properties

Carboxyatractyloside is a diterpenoid glycoside, which means it is composed of a sugar molecule attached to a diterpene molecule. The diterpene part of the molecule is atractyloside, which is also toxic. The sugar part of the molecule is a glucose molecule that is attached to the atractyloside molecule via an ester bond.

Carboxyatractyloside is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and alcohol. It has a molecular weight of 522.6 g/mol and a melting point of 218-220 °C.

Toxicity

Carboxyatractyloside is highly toxic to humans and animals. It inhibits the ANT, which is a protein that transports adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This inhibition disrupts the normal functioning of the mitochondria, leading to cell death.

Symptoms of carboxyatractyloside poisoning include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. In severe cases, it can cause liver damage, kidney failure, and death.

Sources

Carboxyatractyloside is found in several plant species, including Atractylis gummifera, Xanthium strumarium, and Cocklebur. These plants are common in the Mediterranean region and are often ingested by livestock, leading to cases of poisoning.

Treatment

There is no specific antidote for carboxyatractyloside poisoning. Treatment is supportive and includes hydration, electrolyte replacement, and symptomatic relief. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required.

See Also

• Atractyloside
• Adenine nucleotide translocator
• Mitochondria