Carcinosis

Intestines with peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer

Carcinosis refers to the widespread dissemination of cancer cells in the body, leading to the formation of multiple metastases in various organs. This condition is a severe and advanced stage of cancer, indicating that the primary tumor has spread from its original site to distant parts of the body. Carcinosis can affect any system in the body, but is most commonly seen in the lungs, liver, bones, and brain. The process of cancer spreading is known as metastasis, and it represents a significant challenge in the treatment of cancer, as it complicates the therapeutic approach and generally indicates a poor prognosis.

Etiology

The development of carcinosis is a complex process that begins with the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells. This transformation is driven by genetic and environmental factors that lead to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Once transformed, these cells can proliferate uncontrollably and acquire the ability to invade surrounding tissues. Some cancer cells can enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, allowing them to travel to distant sites in the body where they can establish new tumors.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of carcinosis involves several key steps: local invasion, intravasation into the blood or lymphatic system, survival in the circulatory system, extravasation into new tissues, and finally, colonization and growth in these distant sites. The ability of cancer cells to complete this process is dependent on their interactions with the host's microenvironment and their capacity to evade the immune system.

Clinical Manifestations

The symptoms of carcinosis vary widely depending on the organs affected. Common signs and symptoms may include unexplained weight loss, fatigue, pain, and the specific symptoms related to the organ systems involved (e.g., respiratory symptoms for lung involvement, jaundice for liver involvement).

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of carcinosis typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRI, and biopsy of the metastatic lesions. Blood tests, including tumor markers, may also provide supportive information.

Treatment

Treatment for carcinosis is palliative, focusing on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life. Options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and supportive care measures. The choice of treatment depends on the type of primary cancer, the extent of spread, and the patient's overall health status.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with carcinosis is generally poor, with survival rates significantly lower than those for localized cancers. However, advancements in cancer treatment have led to improved outcomes for some patients.