Carnatic music

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Carnatic music is a system of music commonly associated with the southern part of the Indian subcontinent. It is one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, the other being Hindustani music, which emerged as a distinct form due to Persian and Islamic influences in North India. In contrast, Carnatic music is largely devotional; many of the songs are addressed to Hindu deities. It is predominantly practiced in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala.

Origins and History

The roots of Carnatic music can be traced back to the Vedic period, where music was an integral part of the socio-religious life. The theoretical framework of Carnatic music is based on the Natya Shastra, an ancient treatise on performing arts attributed to the sage Bharata Muni. Over centuries, Carnatic music evolved under various dynasties and empires that ruled South India, absorbing elements from local traditions and foreign influences.

Fundamental Concepts

Carnatic music is structured around the concepts of raga (melodic framework) and tala (rhythmic cycle). There are 72 basic ragas, known as Melakarta ragas, from which hundreds of derivative Janya ragas are generated. The tala system in Carnatic music is complex and allows for a wide range of rhythmic patterns.

Raga

A raga in Carnatic music is not just a scale, but a set of rules including permissible notes, the order in which they appear, and their relative emphasis. Each raga is associated with a particular mood or emotion, and the musician explores the raga's melodic contours within the framework of a composition.

Tala

Tala in Carnatic music refers to the rhythmic cycle, which can range from simple to extremely complex patterns. Each cycle consists of a fixed number of beats and subdivisions, which are articulated through hand gestures called mudras.

Performance

A typical Carnatic music performance features a vocalist or a principal instrument such as the violin, veena, or flute, accompanied by a percussion instrument like the mridangam or ghatam, and often a drone provided by the tambura. Performances are usually based on kritis (compositions), with improvisation playing a significant role.

Kriti

A kriti is a structured composition that serves as the foundation for improvisation in a performance. It typically consists of three parts: Pallavi, the thematic line; Anupallavi, the second verse, which is optional; and Charanam, the final and longest section.

Learning and Transmission

Traditionally, Carnatic music was transmitted orally, from teacher to student in a system known as gurukula. However, with the advent of technology and global interest, it is now taught in music schools worldwide, through online courses, and in academic institutions.

Influence and Contemporary Scene

Carnatic music has influenced and been influenced by other music traditions, including film music and fusion music. Today, it enjoys a global audience, with festivals and concerts held around the world.