Cat eye syndrome
| Cat eye syndrome | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | CES[1] |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Field | N/A |
| Symptoms | |
| Complications | N/A |
| Onset | |
| Duration | |
| Types | |
| Causes | |
| Risks | |
| Diagnosis | |
| Differential diagnosis | |
| Prevention | |
| Treatment | |
| Medication | |
| Prognosis | |
| Frequency | 1 in 74,000 |
| Deaths | |
Cat eye syndrome or Schmid–Fraccaro syndrome, is a rare condition caused by the short arm (p) and a small section of the long arm (q) of human chromosome 22 being present three (trisomic) or four times (tetrasomic) instead of the usual two times.[2] There is no significant reduction in life expectancy in patients who are not afflicted with one of CES' life-threatening abnormalities.
Signs and symptoms[edit | edit source]
- Unilateral or bilateral iris coloboma (absence of tissue from the colored part of the eyes)
- Preauricular pits/tags (small depressions/growths of skin on the outer ears)
- Anal atresia (abnormal obstruction of the anus)
- Downward-slanting Palpebral fissures (openings between the upper and lower eyelids)
- Cleft palate
- Kidney problems (missing, extra, or underdeveloped kidneys)
- Short stature
- Scoliosis/Skeletal problems
- Cardiac defects (such as TAPVR)
- Micrognathia (smaller jaw)
- Hernias
- Biliary atresia[3]
- Rarer malformations can affect almost any organ
- Intellectual disability – many are intellectually normal; about 30% of CES patients have moderately impaired mental development, although severe intellectual disability is rare.[4]
The term "cat eye" syndrome was coined because of the particular appearance of the vertical colobomas in the eyes of some patients. However, over half of the CES patients in the literature do not present with this trait.[4]
Genetics[edit | edit source]
The additional chromosome 22 usually arises spontaneously. It may be hereditary and parents may be mosaic for the marker chromosome but show no phenotypic symptoms of the syndrome.[5]
The chromosomal area included in the cat eye syndrome "critical region" is 22pter→q11.
History[edit | edit source]
The abnormalities common to cat eye syndrome were first cataloged in 1899.[6] It was described in association with a small marker chromosome in 1965.[7] Early reports of cat eye syndrome discuss the possibility of chromosome 13 involvement. Now, CES is considered to be present with the chromosome 22 trisomy findings.[8]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Cat eye syndrome". Orphanet. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
- ↑
- ↑ Congenital bile duct anomalies (biliary atresia) and chromosome 22 aneuploidy. Allotey J, Lacaille F, Lees MM, Strautnieks S, Thompson RJ, Davenport M. J Pediatr Surg. 2008 Sep;43(9):1736-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.05.012.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Disorders of chromosome 22: Cat Eye Syndrome/Schmid Fraccaro Syndrome". www.c22c.org. Chromosome 22 Central. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
- ↑ "Cat eye syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
- ↑ Haab, O. Albrecht v Graefes. Archives of Ophthalmology, 24: 257 only, 1879
- ↑
- ↑
External links[edit | edit source]
| Classification | |
|---|---|
| External resources |
|
- Cat Eye Syndrome International (CESI onlus): Official International Association for Cat Eye Syndrome
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