Chronic hepatitis

Chronic Hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by the long-term inflammation of the liver that lasts for more than six months. It is a progressive disease that can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually liver cancer or liver failure if not properly managed. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by various factors, including viral infections (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis D), autoimmune diseases, and exposure to toxins or alcohol.

Etiology

The most common causes of chronic hepatitis are:

• Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
• Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
• Hepatitis D virus (HDV) - only in conjunction with HBV infection
• Autoimmune Hepatitis - where the body's immune system attacks liver cells
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
• Long-term alcohol abuse
• Exposure to certain medications and toxins

Symptoms

Chronic hepatitis may be asymptomatic in its early stages. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Fatigue
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Abdominal pain
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Joint pain

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of chronic hepatitis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests to check liver function and identify viral markers, and imaging tests such as ultrasound. In some cases, a liver biopsy may be necessary to assess the degree of liver damage.

Treatment

Treatment for chronic hepatitis depends on the underlying cause:

• Antiviral medications for HBV and HCV infections
• Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs for autoimmune hepatitis
• Lifestyle changes, including alcohol abstinence and weight management for NAFLD and NASH
• Liver transplantation may be considered in cases of advanced liver disease

Prevention

Preventive measures include vaccination against HBV, practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and limiting alcohol consumption. Regular monitoring and early treatment of liver disease can also prevent the progression of chronic hepatitis.

Complications

If left untreated, chronic hepatitis can lead to serious complications such as:

• Liver cirrhosis
• Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)
• Liver failure

Prognosis

The prognosis of chronic hepatitis varies depending on the cause, extent of liver damage, and response to treatment. Early detection and appropriate management can improve outcomes and quality of life.