Clostridium citroniae

Clostridium citroniae

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Clostridium citroniae is a species of bacteria within the genus Clostridium. It is a Gram-positive bacterium that is anaerobic, meaning it does not require oxygen for growth. C. citroniae is part of the normal gut flora in humans but can also be associated with certain infections.

Morphology

Clostridium citroniae is a rod-shaped bacterium, typical of the genus Clostridium. It forms endospores, which are resistant to harsh environmental conditions. The cells are motile and possess peritrichous flagella.

Physiology

C. citroniae is an obligate anaerobe, thriving in environments devoid of oxygen. It ferments various carbohydrates, producing butyric acid, acetic acid, and other short-chain fatty acids as metabolic byproducts. The bacterium is catalase-negative and does not reduce nitrate.

Genomics

The genome of Clostridium citroniae has been sequenced, revealing genes responsible for its anaerobic metabolism and spore formation. The genome size is approximately 3.5 million base pairs, with a GC content of around 28%.

Pathogenicity

While C. citroniae is generally considered a commensal organism, it can be an opportunistic pathogen. It has been isolated from clinical specimens, including blood, wounds, and abdominal abscesses. Infections are more likely to occur in individuals with compromised immune systems or those undergoing antibiotic therapy, which disrupts the normal gut flora.

Clinical Significance

Clostridium citroniae is not a common cause of infection, but it should be considered in cases of polymicrobial infections, especially in the context of intra-abdominal infections. Its role in disease is not fully understood, and it is often found in conjunction with other anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of C. citroniae infection involves culture of the organism from clinical specimens under anaerobic conditions. Identification can be confirmed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing or mass spectrometry techniques such as MALDI-TOF.

Treatment

Infections caused by Clostridium citroniae are typically treated with antibiotics effective against anaerobic bacteria. Metronidazole and clindamycin are commonly used, although susceptibility testing is recommended to guide therapy.

Prevention

Preventive measures include maintaining a healthy gut microbiota and cautious use of antibiotics to avoid disruption of the normal flora. In healthcare settings, strict adherence to infection control practices can help prevent the spread of anaerobic infections.

Research

Ongoing research is focused on understanding the role of C. citroniae in the human microbiome and its potential contributions to health and disease. Studies are also exploring its interactions with other microbial species in the gut.

See also

• Clostridium
• Anaerobic bacteria
• Gut microbiota