Coffin–Siris syndrome

From WikiMD.com Medical Encyclopedia

(Redirected from Coffin-Siris syndrome)

Coffin–Siris syndrome
Synonyms Dwarfism-Onychodysplasia, Fifth Digit Syndrome, Mental Retardation with Hypoplastic 5th Fingernails and Toenails, Short Stature-Onychodysplasia
Pronounce
Field Medical genetics, Pediatrics
Symptoms Developmental delay, intellectual disability, coarse facial features, hypotonia, absent or hypoplastic nails on the fifth digits
Complications Delayed motor and language skills, feeding difficulties, respiratory infections, possible seizures
Onset Congenital (present at birth)
Duration Lifelong
Types Multiple subtypes associated with different gene mutations (e.g. ARID1B, SOX11, ARID2)
Causes Genetic mutation (commonly de novo), especially in genes related to the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex
Risks Sporadic (de novo) or inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern
Diagnosis Clinical diagnosis supported by genetic testing
Differential diagnosis Nicolaides–Baraitser syndrome, Brachymorphism-Onychodysplasia-Dysphalangism syndrome
Prevention None known
Treatment Symptomatic and supportive: physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, special education
Medication As needed for comorbidities (e.g., anticonvulsants for seizures)
Prognosis Varies; many children can live into adulthood with supportive care
Frequency Fewer than 100 cases reported in literature
Deaths Rare; depends on severity and complications


Boy with Coffin–Siris syndrome showing typical features
Illustration of de novo mutations associated with rare genetic disorders

Coffin–Siris syndrome (CSS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypoplasia or aplasia of the nails on the fifth fingers and toes, and distinctive facial features. First described in 1970 by Grange S. Coffin and Evelyn Siris, the syndrome has since been linked to mutations in multiple genes, most commonly those encoding components of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex.

Clinical Features[edit | edit source]

The syndrome has a broad spectrum of symptoms that can range from mild to severe. Common clinical features include:

Causes[edit | edit source]

Coffin–Siris syndrome is most commonly caused by de novo mutations in genes related to chromatin remodeling. These include:

The condition is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, though most cases are sporadic and arise from a de novo mutation.

Genetics[edit | edit source]

All known causative genes are involved in the function of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, which regulates gene expression by altering chromatin structure. Disruption of this complex affects multiple developmental pathways, leading to the wide range of observed symptoms.

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis is primarily clinical and based on:

  • Presence of distinctive phenotypic features
  • Developmental and intellectual assessment
  • Absent or underdeveloped fifth digit nails

Confirmation is achieved through molecular genetic testing, typically using whole exome sequencing or targeted gene panels for SWI/SNF complex mutations.

Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Conditions that may mimic Coffin–Siris syndrome and should be considered in the differential include:

Treatment[edit | edit source]

There is no cure for Coffin–Siris syndrome. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive:

Prognosis[edit | edit source]

The prognosis depends on the severity of symptoms and associated complications. With appropriate therapies and support, many individuals achieve varying degrees of independence. Severe cases with associated anomalies may have a more guarded prognosis.

Epidemiology[edit | edit source]

Coffin–Siris syndrome is extremely rare. Fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the medical literature. Due to variable expression and overlap with other syndromes, it may be underdiagnosed.

See also[edit | edit source]

External Links[edit | edit source]



WikiMD
Navigation: Wellness - Encyclopedia - Health topics - Disease Index‏‎ - Drugs - World Directory - Gray's Anatomy - Keto diet - Recipes

Search WikiMD

Ad.Tired of being Overweight? Try W8MD's physician weight loss program.
Semaglutide (Ozempic / Wegovy and Tirzepatide (Mounjaro / Zepbound) available.
Advertise on WikiMD

WikiMD's Wellness Encyclopedia

Let Food Be Thy Medicine
Medicine Thy Food - Hippocrates

Medical Disclaimer: WikiMD is not a substitute for professional medical advice. The information on WikiMD is provided as an information resource only, may be incorrect, outdated or misleading, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. Please consult your health care provider before making any healthcare decisions or for guidance about a specific medical condition. WikiMD expressly disclaims responsibility, and shall have no liability, for any damages, loss, injury, or liability whatsoever suffered as a result of your reliance on the information contained in this site. By visiting this site you agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, which may from time to time be changed or supplemented by WikiMD. If you do not agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, you should not enter or use this site. See full disclaimer.
Credits:Most images are courtesy of Wikimedia commons, and templates, categories Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY SA or similar.

Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD