Stereotypic movement disorder

Stereotypic Movement Disorder (SMD) is a motor disorder characterized by repetitive, seemingly driven, and nonfunctional motor behavior. The behavior interferes with normal activities or results in self-injury. The onset of SMD typically occurs in childhood, often by the age of three.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of SMD is the repetitive, rhythmic, and purposeless movement. These movements may include hand waving, head banging, body rocking, self-biting, and self-hitting. These behaviors are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition.

Causes

The exact cause of SMD is unknown. However, it is often associated with other conditions such as mental retardation, autism spectrum disorder, and neurological disorders. It is also more common in males than in females.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of SMD is based on the individual's clinical history and observed behavior. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides specific criteria for the diagnosis of SMD.

Treatment

Treatment for SMD often involves a combination of behavioral therapy, medication, and physical therapy. The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and intensity of the stereotypic movements and to prevent self-injury.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with SMD varies. Some individuals may see a decrease in symptoms over time, while others may continue to exhibit stereotypic movements into adulthood.

See also

• Motor disorders
• Childhood disorders
• Autism spectrum disorder
• Mental retardation
• Neurological disorders