Mental retardation

Mental Retardation

Mental retardation, also known as Intellectual Disability, is a term used to describe a condition where an individual has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills. These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child.

Definition

Mental retardation is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) as a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18.

Causes

Mental retardation can be caused by any condition that impairs development of the brain before birth, during birth or in the childhood years. Several hundred causes have been discovered, but in about one-third of the people affected, the cause remains unknown. The most common genetic conditions include Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome and Phenylketonuria (PKU). Problems during pregnancy that may result in mental retardation include malnutrition, certain infections, or toxic agents such as alcohol or drugs.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of mental retardation involves the use of standardized tests by a trained professional. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales are commonly used to assess intellectual functioning.

Treatment

While there is no cure for mental retardation, the most effective treatment is through a comprehensive program that includes education, training, and social support. Early intervention services can also be beneficial.

See Also

• Developmental Disability
• Special Education
• Learning Disability