Movement disorders

Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity. Movement disorders are conventionally divided into two major categories- hyperkinetic and hypokinetic. Hyperkinetic movement disorders refer to dyskinesia, or excessive, often irregular movements. Hypokinetic movement disorders refer to akinesia, or insufficient movement.

Types of Movement Disorders

There are several types of movement disorders, including but not limited to:

• Parkinson's disease: A disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. It develops gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand.
• Huntington's disease: An inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain.
• Dystonia: A movement disorder in which a person's muscles contract uncontrollably.
• Ataxia: A lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movements, such as walking or picking up objects.
• Tourette syndrome: A disorder that involves repetitive movements or unwanted sounds (tics) that can't be easily controlled.

Causes

Movement disorders can be caused by various factors including genetics, damage to the brain or spinal cord, metabolic disorders, stroke, toxins, medications, autoimmune diseases, and infections.

Treatment

Treatment for movement disorders can range from medication to surgery, depending on the type and severity of the disorder. Physical therapy and occupational therapy may also be beneficial.

See also

• Neurology
• Neurological disorder
• Neuromuscular disease

References

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