Autonomic dysfunction

Autonomic Dysfunction

Autonomic dysfunction, also known as dysautonomia, refers to a condition where the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly. The ANS controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation.

Overview

The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. These systems work together to maintain homeostasis in the body. Autonomic dysfunction can result in a wide range of symptoms and can be caused by various underlying conditions.

Causes

Autonomic dysfunction can be primary or secondary. Primary autonomic dysfunction occurs when the cause is unknown or is due to a genetic condition. Secondary autonomic dysfunction is due to another medical condition, such as:

• Diabetes mellitus
• Parkinson's disease
• Multiple system atrophy
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Amyloidosis

Symptoms

Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction can vary widely depending on the systems affected. Common symptoms include:

• Orthostatic hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Bradycardia
• Gastrointestinal dysmotility
• Urinary incontinence
• Erectile dysfunction
• Sweating abnormalities

Diagnosis

Diagnosing autonomic dysfunction involves a combination of clinical evaluation and specialized tests. These may include:

• Tilt table test
• Heart rate variability analysis
• Thermoregulatory sweat test
• Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test

Treatment

Treatment of autonomic dysfunction focuses on managing symptoms and addressing the underlying cause if known. Treatment options may include:

• Medications such as fludrocortisone or midodrine
• Lifestyle modifications, including increased salt and fluid intake
• Physical therapy and exercise
• Use of compression garments

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with autonomic dysfunction varies depending on the underlying cause and the severity of symptoms. Some forms of autonomic dysfunction are progressive, while others may improve with treatment.

See Also

• Autonomic nervous system
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Parasympathetic nervous system