Guillain-Barré syndrome

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks part of its peripheral nervous system—the network of nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord. This condition can range from mild to severe, causing symptoms that can last for weeks to several years. The exact cause of Guillain-Barré Syndrome is unknown, but it is often preceded by an infectious illness such as a respiratory infection or the stomach flu.

Symptoms

The first symptoms of Guillain-Barré Syndrome typically include weakness and tingling in the extremities. These sensations can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing the whole body. In its most severe form, GBS is a medical emergency requiring immediate hospitalization because it can interfere with breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. Other symptoms may include pain, which can be quite severe, and problems with bladder control or bowel function.

Causes

While the precise cause of Guillain-Barré Syndrome is not known, it is believed to occur as a result of the immune system attacking the body's own nerves. In many cases, this immune response is triggered by an infection. The most common infections associated with GBS are caused by Campylobacter jejuni, a type of bacteria often found in undercooked poultry, and by viruses such as those causing the flu or Zika virus.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing Guillain-Barré Syndrome involves a combination of methods. A physician may conduct a thorough physical examination, review medical history, and perform several tests. These tests can include a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) to check for signs of infection, electromyography (EMG) to assess nerve function, and nerve conduction studies (NCS) to measure the speed of nerve signal transmission.

Treatment

There is no cure for Guillain-Barré Syndrome, but several treatments can ease symptoms and reduce the duration of the illness. The most commonly used treatments are intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), which is administered through a vein, and plasmapheresis, a procedure that filters the blood to remove certain antibodies. These treatments are most effective when started soon after symptoms appear. Physical therapy can also be beneficial in aiding recovery.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with Guillain-Barré Syndrome varies. Most people recover fully, but some may experience lingering effects such as weakness, numbness, or fatigue. Recovery can take anywhere from a few weeks to several years. In rare cases, GBS can be fatal, particularly if severe complications such as respiratory failure occur.

Prevention

There is no known prevention for Guillain-Barré Syndrome. However, maintaining good hygiene practices to avoid infections can potentially reduce the risk of developing GBS following an infection.

See Also

• Peripheral Nervous System
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Campylobacter jejuni
• Zika Virus