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Colorectal Cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the colon or the rectum, parts of the large intestine in the digestive system. This form of cancer is also known as colon cancer or rectal cancer, depending on where it starts. Colorectal cancer affects men and women of all racial and ethnic groups, and is most often found in those aged 50 years or older. However, incidence in younger adults has been increasing.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of colorectal cancer is unknown, but it involves the mutation of DNA in the cells of the colon or rectum. Several risk factors have been identified, including age, family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, a personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), inherited syndromes (such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis), obesity, smoking, alcohol, and a diet high in red and processed meats.

Symptoms

Symptoms of colorectal cancer may include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, persistent abdominal discomfort, weakness or fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. Many cases of colorectal cancer have no symptoms, especially in the early stages.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of colorectal cancer typically involves a combination of methods. A colonoscopy is the most comprehensive diagnostic tool, allowing the doctor to examine the entire colon and rectum and remove polyps for biopsy. Other diagnostic methods include sigmoidoscopy, fecal occult blood tests, and imaging tests such as CT colonography.

Treatment

Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, the location, and the overall health of the patient. Options include surgery to remove the cancer, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Early-stage cancers may be treated with minimally invasive procedures, while advanced cancers may require a combination of treatments.

Prevention

Prevention strategies for colorectal cancer include regular screening tests, maintaining a healthy lifestyle with a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, regular exercise, limiting alcohol consumption, and avoiding tobacco.

Prognosis

The prognosis for colorectal cancer varies by stage at diagnosis. Early-stage cancers have a high survival rate, while advanced cancers with spread to other parts of the body have a lower survival rate. Regular screening is crucial for early detection and improving prognosis.