Commedia dell'arte

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Commedia dell'arte is a form of theatre originating in Italy during the 16th century and is characterized by masked "types" which represent fixed social types and professions. The term commedia dell'arte translates to "comedy of the profession" or "comedy of the art". This theatrical form is notable for its improvisational performances based on sketches or scenarios, the presence of stock characters, and the use of masks to amplify characters and emotions.

History

The origins of Commedia dell'arte are not precisely known, but it is believed to have emerged from the festive carnival cultures of the Italian Renaissance. By the mid-16th century, troupes of itinerant professional actors were performing lively improvisational playlets across Europe, bringing fame to the art form. These troupes were usually self-organized and family-run, performing for both the court and the public.

Performance Style

Commedia dell'arte was distinguished by its use of improvisational techniques, with actors devising the dialogue and action based on a basic scenario that outlined the plot. This scenario would include the dramatic situation, the order of events, and the resolution, but left the dialogue and specific actions to the performers' creativity. The performances were often laced with humor, satire, and physical comedy, making extensive use of lazzi (comic pieces of business used by the actors to fill in the action).

Characters

The characters of Commedia dell'arte are one of its most enduring aspects, with many becoming iconic in the world of theatre. These characters include:

- Arlecchino: A clever and resourceful servant, known for his checkered costume. - Pantalone: A miserly Venetian merchant, often the father of one of the lovers. - Il Dottore: The pompous doctor from Bologna, full of Latin quotes but often making little sense. - Colombina: A maidservant and Arlecchino's love interest, known for her wit and intelligence. - Brighella: Another servant character, more cunning and unscrupulous than Arlecchino. - Il Capitano: The braggart soldier, boasting of exploits but often cowardly.

Masks and Costumes

Masks are central to the identity of Commedia dell'arte characters, with each mask reflecting the specific traits of the character it represents. The masks are traditionally made of leather, though modern interpretations may use different materials. Costumes, too, are exaggerated and colorful, enhancing the theatricality of the characters.

Influence

The influence of Commedia dell'arte extends far beyond its historical period, affecting the development of theatre and drama in Europe and around the world. Its emphasis on improvisational performance, stock characters, and masked personas can be seen in various forms of entertainment, from Shakespeare's comedies to modern sitcoms and improv comedy.

Legacy

Today, Commedia dell'arte is celebrated for its rich contribution to the theatrical tradition. It is studied in drama and theatre studies programs, performed by dedicated troupes, and recognized as a precursor to many modern theatrical styles and genres.