Labia majora

Vulva - front view

Labia commissures

Labia majora are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds that extend downward and backward from the mons pubis to the perineum and form the lateral boundaries of the vulva in the female genitalia. They are part of the external female genitalia, which also includes the labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal opening. The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora are typically more prominent in adults than in children and can vary widely in size, shape, and color among women.

Anatomy

The labia majora contain adipose tissue, sweat and sebaceous glands, and are covered by pubic hair in postpubertal females. They protect the inner structures of the vulva, including the labia minora, urethral opening, and vaginal opening. The outer surface of the labia majora is pigmented and becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty, while the inner surface is smooth and lacks hair. The labia majora meet at the anterior commissure, near the clitoris, and at the posterior commissure, which is above the perineum and below the anus.

Function

The primary function of the labia majora is to enclose and protect the other external genital organs. The adipose tissue provides a cushioning effect, protecting the internal pelvic structures during activities such as walking, running, or sexual intercourse. The sweat and sebaceous glands help to maintain the moisture and pH balance of the vulva, which can protect against bacterial and fungal infections.

Development

During the embryonic stage of human development, the labia majora are formed from the same structure as the scrotum in males. In females, this structure develops into the labia majora, while in males, it forms the scrotum. The development of the labia majora is influenced by hormones, particularly estrogen, which promotes the growth of the labia majora during puberty. After menopause, the labia majora may decrease in size due to the reduction in estrogen levels.

Variation

There is a significant variation in the appearance of the labia majora among women. Factors such as genetics, age, hormonal changes, and childbirth can influence the size, shape, color, and overall appearance of the labia majora. It is important to note that this variation is normal and reflects the diversity of the female body.

Health and hygiene

Proper hygiene of the labia majora is important for maintaining vulvar health. Regular washing with water and mild soap can help to remove sweat, sebum, and bacteria, reducing the risk of infections. However, it is crucial to avoid over-washing or the use of harsh soaps, as this can disrupt the natural balance of the vulva and lead to irritation or infections. Women should also be aware of changes in the appearance or sensation of the labia majora, as these can be signs of health issues such as infections, cysts, or skin conditions.