Complex vertebral malformation

Bovine articulation

Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM) is a genetic disorder primarily found in cattle, particularly affecting the Holstein breed. This condition is characterized by abnormal development of the vertebrae, leading to various degrees of spinal deformity and, in severe cases, can be lethal to the calf. CVM is caused by a mutation in the SLC35A3 gene, which plays a crucial role in the development of the vertebral column.

Causes and Genetics

The cause of Complex Vertebral Malformation is a mutation in the SLC35A3 gene, located on bovine chromosome 3. This gene is responsible for encoding a protein involved in the transport of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, an essential substrate for glycosylation processes. The mutation leads to a disruption in the normal development of the vertebral column, resulting in malformed vertebrae. CVM is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that a calf must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to be affected by the condition.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Affected calves often exhibit a range of symptoms related to the malformation of the spine. These can include shortened bodies, scoliosis (curvature of the spine), kyphosis (hunchback), and other spinal deformities. In some cases, calves may be stillborn or die shortly after birth due to the severity of the deformities. Diagnosis of CVM is typically made through genetic testing, which can identify the presence of the SLC35A3 gene mutation. This testing is crucial for managing the disease within herds, as it allows for the identification of carriers and affected individuals.

Management and Prevention

The management of Complex Vertebral Malformation within cattle herds involves genetic testing and selective breeding practices. By identifying carriers of the SLC35A3 mutation, farmers can make informed breeding decisions to reduce the incidence of CVM in future generations. There is no cure for CVM, so prevention through genetic selection is the most effective strategy for controlling the disease. This includes the use of artificial insemination with semen from bulls that have been tested and found to be free of the CVM mutation.

Impact on the Dairy Industry

Complex Vertebral Malformation has significant implications for the dairy industry, particularly in breeds like the Holstein, where the prevalence of the mutation may be higher. The economic impact includes the loss of affected calves, reduced productivity from carrier animals, and the costs associated with genetic testing and management practices aimed at reducing the incidence of the disease. However, through effective genetic management and breeding strategies, the dairy industry can minimize the impact of CVM.