Preauricular sinus and cyst

Preauricular sinus

Preauricular sinus and cyst

A preauricular sinus is a congenital malformation characterized by a small opening or pit located near the front of the ear, typically at the junction where the ear cartilage meets the face. This condition is also known as a preauricular pit. It is usually harmless but can sometimes lead to complications such as infections or the formation of cysts.

Anatomy and Development

The preauricular sinus is a result of incomplete or abnormal fusion of the first and second branchial arches during embryonic development. These arches are responsible for forming the structures of the face and neck. The sinus is lined with skin and may have a tract that extends into the surrounding tissues.

Clinical Presentation

Most individuals with a preauricular sinus are asymptomatic and may not even be aware of its presence. However, in some cases, the sinus can become infected, leading to pain, swelling, and discharge. Recurrent infections can result in the formation of a preauricular cyst, which may require medical intervention.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a preauricular sinus is typically made through physical examination. The presence of a small pit or opening near the ear is usually sufficient for diagnosis. In cases of infection or cyst formation, imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI may be used to assess the extent of the tract and surrounding tissues.

Treatment

Treatment is not necessary for asymptomatic preauricular sinuses. However, if the sinus becomes infected or if a cyst forms, treatment options may include:

• Antibiotics to treat infection
• Incision and drainage of abscesses
• Surgical excision of the sinus and any associated cysts to prevent recurrence

Complications

Complications of a preauricular sinus can include:

• Recurrent infections
• Abscess formation
• Cyst formation
• Scarring from repeated infections or surgical interventions

Epidemiology

Preauricular sinuses are relatively common and occur in approximately 0.1% to 0.9% of the population. They are more frequently observed in certain ethnic groups, including people of African and Asian descent. There is also a slight female predominance.

Related Conditions

• Branchial cleft cyst
• Dermoid cyst
• Epidermoid cyst
• Pilonidal cyst

See Also

• Congenital malformations
• Ear anatomy
• Infections of the ear