Contrast-induced nephropathy

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Contrast-induced nephropathy
Synonyms Contrast-induced acute kidney injury
Pronounce N/A
Specialty N/A
Symptoms Nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, edema
Complications Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease
Onset Within 48-72 hours after contrast exposure
Duration Usually resolves within 1-2 weeks
Types N/A
Causes Iodinated contrast media
Risks Chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, dehydration, heart failure
Diagnosis Serum creatinine increase, urinalysis
Differential diagnosis N/A
Prevention Hydration, use of low-osmolar or iso-osmolar contrast agents
Treatment Supportive care, dialysis if severe
Medication N/A
Prognosis N/A
Frequency 1-2% in general population, up to 50% in high-risk patients
Deaths N/A


Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a form of kidney damage in which there has been recent exposure to medical imaging contrast material without another clear cause for the acute kidney injury. CIN is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality, length of hospital stay and in healthcare costs.

Definition[edit | edit source]

Contrast-induced nephropathy is traditionally defined as a serum creatinine increase of 25% or more from baseline or an absolute increase of 0.5 mg/dL within 48-72 hours of intravascular iodinated contrast material exposure, in the absence of an alternative etiology.

Epidemiology[edit | edit source]

The incidence of CIN varies widely, depending on the definition used, the population studied, and the prophylactic measures taken. In the general population, the incidence of CIN has been reported to be less than 2%. However, in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, or both, the incidence of CIN can exceed 25%.

Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]

The pathophysiology of CIN is complex and not completely understood. It is believed to involve direct toxicity to renal tubular epithelial cells and renal medullary hypoxia due to alterations in renal blood flow.

Prevention and Treatment[edit | edit source]

Prevention of CIN includes identification of high-risk patients, appropriate choice and dosing of contrast material, and prophylactic hydration. Treatment of established CIN is supportive, as there is currently no specific therapy available.

See Also[edit | edit source]


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