Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously known as acute renal failure, is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days. It causes a build-up of waste products in the blood and makes it hard for the kidneys to maintain the right balance of fluid in the body.
Causes[edit | edit source]
AKI can be caused by a variety of factors, which are generally categorized into three main types:
Prerenal causes[edit | edit source]
Prerenal causes are due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys. This can occur due to severe dehydration, heart failure, or shock.
Intrinsic renal causes[edit | edit source]
Intrinsic renal causes are due to direct damage to the kidneys themselves. This can be due to inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood supply.
Postrenal causes[edit | edit source]
Postrenal causes are due to obstruction of urine flow. This can occur due to kidney stones, tumors, or an enlarged prostate.
Symptoms[edit | edit source]
The symptoms of AKI can vary depending on the underlying cause and severity. Common symptoms include:
- Decreased urine output
- Swelling due to fluid retention
- Fatigue
- Shortness of breath
- Confusion
- Nausea
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Diagnosis of AKI is based on laboratory tests and imaging studies. Key diagnostic tests include:
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels
- Urinalysis
- Ultrasonography
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Treatment of AKI focuses on addressing the underlying cause and supporting kidney function. This may include:
- Fluid management
- Medications to control blood pressure
- Dialysis in severe cases
Prognosis[edit | edit source]
The prognosis of AKI depends on the underlying cause and the promptness of treatment. Some patients recover completely, while others may develop chronic kidney disease.
Prevention[edit | edit source]
Preventive measures include:
- Adequate hydration
- Monitoring and managing chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension
- Avoiding nephrotoxic drugs when possible
Related pages[edit | edit source]
Gallery[edit | edit source]
Ultrasonography of renal trauma with laceration
Acute cortical necrosis
Acute renal failure diagram
Ultrasonography of acute pyelonephritis
Ultrasonography of postoperative renal failure
Ultrasonography of renal trauma with laceration
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
