Corneal ulceration

Corneal Ulceration is a condition characterized by the erosion or formation of an ulcer on the cornea, the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Corneal ulcers are a serious condition that can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively. They are commonly caused by infections, particularly bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, but can also result from physical trauma, chemical burns, or underlying medical conditions that affect the eye.

Causes

Corneal ulceration can be caused by several factors, including:

• Infectious Keratitis: Infection of the cornea by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Common organisms include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, herpes simplex virus, and Acanthamoeba.
• Dry Eye Syndrome: Chronic lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture on the surface of the eye can lead to corneal ulcers.
• Physical Trauma: Scratches or injuries to the cornea from contact lenses, foreign bodies, or accidents.
• Chemical Burns: Exposure to toxic chemicals can cause corneal ulcers.
• Autoimmune Disorders: Diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus can affect the cornea.

Symptoms

Symptoms of corneal ulceration include:

• Severe pain and redness in the affected eye
• Blurred vision or vision loss
• Sensitivity to light (Photophobia)
• Excessive tearing or discharge from the eye
• A white or gray round spot on the cornea visible to the naked eye in advanced cases

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of corneal ulceration involves a thorough examination by an eye care professional. Techniques used include:

• Slit Lamp Examination: A microscope to examine the eye in detail.
• Fluorescein Staining: A dye test to visualize the ulcer.
• Cultures or biopsies may be taken to identify infectious agents.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause of the ulcer:

• Antibiotics, Antifungals, or Antivirals: Topical or oral medications to treat infectious causes.
• Corticosteroids: To reduce inflammation, under careful supervision to avoid exacerbating infections.
• Corneal Transplant: In severe cases, a damaged cornea may need to be replaced.
• Pain management and protective eyewear may also be recommended.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Practicing good hygiene and proper care with contact lenses.
• Protecting eyes from physical trauma and harmful chemicals.
• Managing underlying health conditions that could affect the eyes.

Complications

Untreated corneal ulcers can lead to serious complications, including:

• Corneal Scarring: Which can permanently affect vision.
• Eye Infections: Spreading to other parts of the eye.
• Corneal Perforation: Leading to blindness.