Cranioplasty

Cranioplasty is a surgical procedure used to repair defects or deformities in the skull. The term is derived from the Greek words krani meaning "skull" and plastos meaning "formed". This procedure is often necessary after traumatic brain injury, brain surgery, or congenital defects.

History

The first recorded cranioplasty procedure dates back to 3000 BC, when the Inca civilization used gold plates to repair skull defects. Modern cranioplasty techniques have evolved significantly since then, with the use of various materials and advanced surgical techniques.

Procedure

Cranioplasty can be performed using autologous bone grafts, allografts, or synthetic materials. The choice of material depends on the size and location of the defect, the patient's age and overall health, and the surgeon's preference.

Autologous Bone Grafts

Autologous bone grafts involve the use of the patient's own bone, usually harvested from the skull, ribs, or hip. This method is preferred due to its biocompatibility, strength, and cost-effectiveness. However, it may not be suitable for large defects or if the patient's bone quality is poor.

Allografts

Allografts are bone grafts sourced from a donor. They are typically used when autologous bone grafts are not possible or suitable. Allografts carry a risk of disease transmission and immune rejection.

Synthetic Materials

Synthetic materials used in cranioplasty include titanium, polyethylene, and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). These materials are biocompatible, strong, and can be molded to fit the defect precisely. However, they can be expensive and carry a risk of infection and extrusion.

Complications

Complications of cranioplasty can include infection, hematoma, seroma, bone resorption, and cosmetic dissatisfaction. The risk of complications can be minimized with careful surgical technique, appropriate material selection, and diligent postoperative care.

See Also

• Neurosurgery
• Skull fracture
• Bone grafting