Culture

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Culture encompasses the social behavior, norms, knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. It is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. Cultural patterns give an identity to a society and contribute to the legacy of knowledge, tradition, and experiences passed down through generations.

Definition and Overview

The term "culture" derives from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate". The term was first used in its current sense by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, Primitive Culture (1871). Tylor defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

Characteristics

Culture is made up of many complex elements, including:

• Religion and Beliefs: Systems of faith and worship form the major part of many cultures.
• Social structure: The way a society is organized, including roles and responsibilities of individuals within the society.
• Language: Language is the means of communication within a group, and varies immensely from culture to culture.
• Art and Craft: Different forms of expression which are considered an integral part of culture.
• Customs and Traditions: These are specific practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group.
• Technology and Material Culture: This includes all the physical objects and the techniques used to create and use them.

Cultural Universals

Anthropologist George Murdock first recognized the existence of cultural universals while studying systems of kinship around the world. Cultural universals are elements, patterns, traits, or institutions that are common to all human cultures worldwide. Examples include cooking, the family, personal names, and the state.

Cultural Variation

Cultural variation exists both across and within societies. It can be influenced by a variety of factors including:

• Geography: The physical environment and terrain of a region.
• History: Historical events shape cultural development and influence societal structures and beliefs.
• Economics: Economic conditions greatly influence the culture of a society.
• Politics: Political systems and beliefs play a role in shaping culture.

Cultural Change

Culture is not static; it evolves over time. Changes in culture can result from invention, innovation, and contact with other cultures. Cultural change can also be influenced by technology, new ideas, and environmental changes.

Study of Culture

The study of culture is a central theme in anthropology. Disciplines such as cultural anthropology, sociology, cultural studies, and intercultural communication are specifically geared towards understanding the nuances of culture and its impact on human behavior and social structures.

Conclusion

Culture is a complex and dynamic force that shapes the way individuals perceive the world and interact within it. Understanding cultural differences is crucial in today's globalized world, as it affects international relations, business practices, and social interactions.