Cytolytic

Cytolytic refers to the process of cytolysis, which is the dissolution or disruption of cells, especially by an external agent. This process is a crucial part of the immune response, as it allows the body to destroy infected or cancerous cells.

Overview

Cytolytic processes are primarily carried out by certain types of white blood cells, including T cells and natural killer cells. These cells are capable of recognizing and binding to infected or cancerous cells, and then releasing substances that cause the target cell to burst open, or lyse. This process is known as cell lysis.

Mechanism

The cytolytic process begins when a cytolytic cell, such as a T cell or natural killer cell, recognizes a target cell. This recognition is usually based on the presence of specific antigens on the surface of the target cell. Once the cytolytic cell has bound to the target cell, it releases cytolytic granules, which contain proteins such as perforin and granzymes. Perforin forms pores in the target cell's membrane, allowing granzymes to enter the cell. Once inside, the granzymes trigger a process called apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which leads to the destruction of the target cell.

Clinical significance

Cytolytic processes are crucial for the body's defense against infections and cancer. However, they can also contribute to disease when they are misdirected or uncontrolled. For example, in autoimmune diseases, cytolytic cells may mistakenly attack the body's own cells, leading to tissue damage and disease symptoms. In addition, some viruses have developed strategies to evade the cytolytic response, which can contribute to chronic infections.

See also

• Cytolysis
• T cell
• Natural killer cell
• Cell lysis
• Antigen
• Perforin
• Granzyme
• Apoptosis
• Autoimmune disease

References

Cytolytic Resources
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