Cytopathic effect

Cytopathic effect or CPE refers to the structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion. The infecting virus causes lysis of the host cell or when the cell dies without lysis due to the inability to reproduce. Viruses can cause changes in the appearance of cells (cytopathic effect), which can be seen in the laboratory by examining cells with a microscope.

Causes

Cytopathic effects are caused by viral invasion into the host cell. The virus takes over the host cell's machinery for its own reproduction. This can lead to cell death, either by lysis (the cell membrane breaking down) or by apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Types of Cytopathic Effects

There are several types of cytopathic effects that can occur, including:

• Total destruction of the cell monolayer: This is the most severe type of CPE, and it occurs when all the cells in the monolayer are destroyed.

• Syncytia or cell fusion: This occurs when virus-infected cells fuse together to form multi-nucleated cells. This can be seen in infections with viruses such as measles and HIV.

• Inclusion bodies: These are abnormal structures that form inside cells. They can be seen in the cytoplasm or nucleus of infected cells.

• Cellular changes: These include changes in the size and shape of the cell, as well as changes in the nucleus.

Detection

Cytopathic effects can be detected by examining cells under a microscope. This is often done in a laboratory setting to diagnose viral infections. The type of CPE observed can sometimes give clues as to the type of virus causing the infection.

Clinical Significance

Understanding the cytopathic effect of viruses can help in the diagnosis and treatment of viral infections. It can also aid in the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.

See Also

• Virology
• Cell biology
• Viral replication

References

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