Density gradient

Density Gradient
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Density gradient is a technique used in biochemistry and cell biology to separate particles, such as cells, organelles, viruses, and macromolecules, based on their density. This method is widely used in laboratory settings for the purification and analysis of biological samples.

Principle

The principle of density gradient separation relies on the creation of a medium with a gradient of densities. When a sample is placed in this medium and subjected to centrifugation, particles within the sample will migrate to the position in the gradient where their density matches that of the surrounding medium. This allows for the separation of particles based on their density.

Types of Density Gradients

Density gradients can be classified into two main types:

Continuous Density Gradients

In continuous density gradients, the density of the medium changes gradually from the top to the bottom. These gradients are often created by layering solutions of different densities and allowing them to diffuse into one another, or by using a gradient maker device. Continuous gradients provide a smooth transition of densities, which can be advantageous for separating particles with similar densities.

Discontinuous Density Gradients

Discontinuous density gradients, also known as step gradients, consist of layers of solutions with distinct densities. These layers do not mix, creating sharp interfaces between different densities. Discontinuous gradients are useful for separating particles with distinct density differences.

Common Media Used

Several substances are commonly used to create density gradients:

• Sucrose: A common choice for creating density gradients due to its non-toxic nature and ease of use. Sucrose gradients are often used for separating organelles and viruses.
• Cesium chloride: Used primarily for the separation of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, due to its ability to form stable gradients with high density.
• Percoll: A colloidal silica coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone, used for separating cells and subcellular components.
• Ficoll: A synthetic polymer used for separating cells, particularly in lymphocyte isolation.

Applications

Density gradient centrifugation has a wide range of applications in biological research and clinical diagnostics:

• Cell fractionation: Used to separate different types of cells or subcellular components, such as mitochondria, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum.
• Virus purification: Essential for isolating viruses from host cells or culture media.
• DNA isolation: Cesium chloride gradients are used to purify DNA, especially in the preparation of plasmid DNA.
• Protein purification: Density gradients can be used to separate proteins based on their size and density.

Procedure

The general procedure for density gradient centrifugation involves the following steps:

1. Preparation of the Gradient: A density gradient is prepared in a centrifuge tube using one of the common media.
2. Sample Application: The sample is carefully layered on top of the gradient.
3. Centrifugation: The tube is placed in a centrifuge and spun at high speeds. The centrifugal force causes particles to move through the gradient until they reach a point where their density matches that of the surrounding medium.
4. Fraction Collection: After centrifugation, the gradient is fractionated, and the separated components are collected for further analysis.

Advantages and Limitations

Advantages

• High resolution separation of particles based on density.
• Ability to separate complex mixtures into individual components.
• Non-destructive to biological samples.

Limitations

• Time-consuming and requires specialized equipment.
• Limited to particles that differ significantly in density.
• Potential for sample loss or contamination during fraction collection.

See Also

• Centrifugation
• Cell fractionation
• Biochemical separation techniques

Classification
External resources