Dental cavity

Dental cavity, also known as tooth decay or dental caries, is a common condition that affects the hard surfaces of the teeth. It is characterized by the destruction of the tooth's enamel, dentin, or cementum due to the acidic by-products produced by bacterial fermentation of food debris accumulated on the tooth surface. If left untreated, dental cavities can lead to pain, tooth loss, and infection.

Causes

The primary cause of dental cavities is the buildup of dental plaque, a sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on teeth. When people consume foods and drinks high in sugars and starches, the bacteria in plaque produce acids that attack tooth enamel. Over time, these acids can break down the enamel, creating cavities. Factors that can increase the risk of developing cavities include poor oral hygiene, frequent snacking on sugary foods or drinks, and not getting enough fluoride.

Symptoms

In the early stages, dental cavities may not have any symptoms. As the decay progresses, symptoms may include:

• Toothache or spontaneous pain without an apparent cause
• Sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks
• Visible holes or pits in the teeth
• Brown, black, or white staining on the tooth surface
• Pain when biting down

Prevention

Preventing dental cavities involves several steps focused on maintaining good oral hygiene and minimizing the risk factors associated with tooth decay. Key preventive measures include:

• Brushing teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste
• Flossing daily to remove plaque between teeth
• Eating a balanced diet and limiting sugary snacks and drinks
• Using dental products that contain fluoride, including mouth rinses
• Regular dental check-ups and cleanings

Treatment

The treatment for dental cavities depends on the extent of tooth decay and may include:

• Fluoride treatments to help restore tooth enamel and prevent further decay
• Dental fillings to repair cavities and restore tooth function
• Crowns for more extensive decay or weakened teeth
• Root canal therapy if the decay has reached the tooth's pulp
• Tooth extraction in severe cases where the tooth cannot be saved

Complications

Without treatment, dental cavities can lead to serious complications, including:

• Severe toothache and infection
• Abscess formation
• Damage or loss of the tooth
• Increased risk of breaking the tooth