Digambara

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7th - 12th century Mahavira flanked by 24 Tirthankaras in Cave 4, Badami Jain cave temple Karnataka

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Digambara is one of the two main sects of Jainism, a major ancient Indian religion. The word "Digambara" is derived from two Sanskrit words: dig (directions) and ambara (clothes), meaning "clothed in the quarters of the sky" or, more simply, "sky-clad". This name reflects the practice of its monks who traditionally do not wear any clothes, symbolizing complete renunciation and non-attachment to the material world. Digambara Jainism emphasizes values such as asceticism, non-violence (Ahimsa), non-attachment, and total renunciation of material possessions.

Beliefs and Practices

Digambara Jainism holds several core beliefs that distinguish it from the other major sect, Svetambara. One of the most notable differences is the practice of nudity for male monks, which is considered an essential aspect of their path to liberation. This practice is based on the belief that renouncing clothing represents the ultimate form of non-attachment and renunciation. However, it is important to note that this practice is only applicable to male monks; female ascetics, known as Aryikas, wear plain white sarees and are not allowed to attain the same spiritual heights as their male counterparts according to traditional Digambara doctrine.

The Digambara sect also has its own sacred texts, which differ from those of the Svetambara. They do not accept the validity of the Agama texts revered by the Svetambara sect, instead, they have their own scriptures, including the Prakrit texts like Mulachara and Trisastisalakapurusa Charitra.

Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara of the current time cycle, is a central figure in Digambara Jainism, as in all Jain traditions. However, Digambaras believe that Mahavira remained celibate throughout his life, in contrast to the Svetambara belief that he was married and had a daughter before renouncing the world.

Monastic Life

The monastic life of Digambara monks is marked by strict adherence to non-violence, truth, and asceticism. They practice five major vows: non-violence, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession. Digambara monks carry only a few possessions, which typically include a Peacock feather broom used to sweep the ground before walking to avoid harming living beings, and a Kamandalu (water pot), used to minimize harm to water beings.

Cultural and Religious Contributions

The Digambara sect has contributed significantly to Jain literature, Jain philosophy, and Jain art. Many ancient Jain temples and statues, especially in South India, reflect Digambara iconography. The Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola is one of the most famous examples of Digambara religious art.

Contemporary Practice

Today, Digambara Jainism is practiced primarily in India, with significant communities in the states of Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh. Despite the challenges of modernity, the Digambara community continues to uphold its traditions, including the practice of nudity for male monks, which is respected and legally protected in India.

Conclusion

Digambara Jainism represents a unique and ancient path within the broader Jain tradition, emphasizing extreme asceticism and the renunciation of worldly attachments for spiritual liberation. Its practices, beliefs, and contributions to Indian religious and cultural life make it an important part of the tapestry of world religions.